A review of lithium–sulfur batteries at different working conditions: The role of ambient temperature, external force, and electromagnetic field

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are promising energy storage devices due to their theoretical energy density up to 2600 Wh kg⁻¹. The working condition has significant impact on Li–S battery performances and has attracted increasing attention recently. This review comprehensively describes the environmental effects on Li–S batteries in terms of ambient temperature, external force, and electromagnetic field. A timeline is presented in the first place for an overall understanding of this research field. The environmental effects on sulfur cathode, lithium anode, and full cell are respectively presented regarding the electrochemical mechanism and the performances in practical devices. Finally, perspectives on the challenges and opportunities of regulating the working environment of Li–S batteries are presented to inspire future researches.