Nanoscale one-dimensional close packing of interfacial alkali ions driven by water-mediated attraction

The permeability and selectivity of biological and artificial ion channels correlate with the specific hydration structure of single ions. However, fundamental understanding of the effect of ion–ion interaction remains elusive. Here, via non-contact atomic force microscopy measurements, we demonstrate that hydrated alkali metal cations (Na⁺ and K⁺) at charged surfaces could come into close contact with each other through partial dehydration and water rearrangement processes, forming one-dimensional chain structures. We prove that the interplay at the nanoscale between the water–ion and water–water interaction can lead to an effective ion–ion attraction overcoming the ionic Coulomb repulsion. The tendency for different ions to become closely packed follows the sequence K⁺ > Na⁺ > Li⁺, which is attributed to their different dehydration energies and charge densities. This work highlights the key role of water molecules in prompting close packing and concerted movement of ions at charged surfaces, which may provide new insights into the mechanism of ion transport under atomic confinement.